AIIMS Recruitment senier Residents August 2022

 No. AIIMS/RBL/REC/SR/2022/209 Dated: 23.07.2022

ADVERTISEMENT FOR RECRUITMENT TO THE POST OF SENIOR 

RESIDENTS UNDER GOVT. OF INDIA RESIDENCY SCHEME IN AIIMS, 

RAEBARELI 

AIIMS, Raebareli is an apex healthcare institute, established by the Ministry of Health 

& Family Welfare, Government of India under the Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha Yojna 

(PMSSY). 

Executive Director, AIIMS, Raebareli invites offline applications for the post of Senior 

Residents under Govt. of India Residency Scheme for the following Departments initially for 

one year and subsequent extension of 2 years shall be granted depending upon the 

performance and conduct.

Sl. 

No Department Number of Vacancy

UR OBC SC ST EWS Total

1. Anaesthesiology 2 0 0 1 0 3

2. Biochemistry 1 0 0 0 0 1

3. Dentistry 1 0 0 0 0 1

4. Dermatology 0 1 0 0 0 1

5. Medicine 4 1 0 1 0 6

6. Microbiology 1 1 0 0 0 2

7. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 0 1 2 0 0 3

8. Ophthalmology 0 1 0 0 0 1

9. Orthopaedics 1 0 0 0 1 2

10. Otolaryngology 1 0 0 0 1 2

11. Paediatrics 1 1 0 0 1 3

12. Pathology 2 1 0 0 0 3

13. Psychiatry 1 0 0 0 0 1

14. Radiology 2 0 0 1 0 3

15. Surgery 2 2 2 0 0 6

16. Transfusion Medicine 0 1 2 0 0 3

Total 19 10 6 3 3 41

Note:

1. As per guidelines EWS posts are not carried forward / or considered as backlog 

vacancy in case unfilled hence other category candidates may be allowed provisionally 

to apply for post subject to the condition that they will be considered for the post as an 

UR Candidate only if EWS category seat is otherwise not filled.

2. 4% reservation for PwD candidates on horizontal basis as per Government Rules.

अखिल भारतीय आयुर्विज्ञान संस्थान, रायबरेली

All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli

(An Autonomous Institute under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India)

Munshiganj, Raebareli - 229405, Uttar Pradesh, India

www.aiimsrbl.edu.in

ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS:

1. SENIOR RESIDENTS (Non-Academic):-

a) A medical qualification included in the first or second schedule or Part II of the third 

schedule to the Indian Medical Council Act 1956 (persons possessing qualifications 

included in the Part II of the third schedule should also fulfil the conditions specified in 

Section 13 (3) of the Act).

b) Must be registered with the Central/State Medical Council.

c) A postgraduate degree i.e. MD/MS/DNB in the specialty concerned or its equivalent.

d) For Pathology Department: the essential qualification shall be MD Pathology/MD Lab 

Medicine.

AGE LIMIT: Senior Resident 

Age limit for post of SR is 45 years (relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST candidates and 3 years 

for OBC candidates).

In case of Physical Handicapped (OPH) candidates, age relaxation up to a maximum period of 

ten (10) years for General Category, Thirteen (13) years for OBC category and fifteen (15) 

years for SC/ST category candidates. 

PAY SCALES: Senior Resident

In Pay Matrix (Level-11) with a minimum of Rs.67,700/- + NPA (for medical personnel) as 

per recommendations of the 7th CPC. 

2. APPLICATION FEES: 

For General/OBC/EWS: Rs. 1,000/- , 

For SC/ST category: Rs. 800/-, 

For PWBD category application fee is exempted. 

Application fee is required to be remitted through Demand Draft payable in favour of 

Executive Director, AIIMS, Raebareli. The Application fee is non-refundable. Application 

sent without fees shall be summarily rejected.

3. PROCESS OF SELECTION:

The selection of Senior Residents will be done through -

a) Written Examination (MCQ based) - 80% weightage

b) Departmental assessment - 20% weightage

ESSENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS:

1. SENIOR RESIDENTS (Non-Academic):-

a) A medical qualification included in the first or second schedule or Part II of the third 

schedule to the Indian Medical Council Act 1956 (persons possessing qualifications 

included in the Part II of the third schedule should also fulfil the conditions specified in 

Section 13 (3) of the Act).

b) Must be registered with the Central/State Medical Council.

c) A postgraduate degree i.e. MD/MS/DNB in the specialty concerned or its equivalent.

d) For Pathology Department: the essential qualification shall be MD Pathology/MD Lab 

Medicine.

AGE LIMIT: Senior Resident 

Age limit for post of SR is 45 years (relaxable by 5 years for SC/ST candidates and 3 years 

for OBC candidates).

In case of Physical Handicapped (OPH) candidates, age relaxation up to a maximum period of 

ten (10) years for General Category, Thirteen (13) years for OBC category and fifteen (15) 

years for SC/ST category candidates. 

PAY SCALES: Senior Resident

In Pay Matrix (Level-11) with a minimum of Rs.67,700/- + NPA (for medical personnel) as 

per recommendations of the 7th CPC. 

2. APPLICATION FEES: 

For General/OBC/EWS: Rs. 1,000/- , 

For SC/ST category: Rs. 800/-, 

For PWBD category application fee is exempted. 

Application fee is required to be remitted through Demand Draft payable in favour of 

Executive Director, AIIMS, Raebareli. The Application fee is non-refundable. Application 

sent without fees shall be summarily rejected.

3. PROCESS OF SELECTION:

The selection of Senior Residents will be done through -

a) Written Examination (MCQ based) - 80% weightage

b) Departmental assessment - 20% weightage

4. DOCUMENTS TO BE PRODUCED IN ORIGINAL AT THE TIME OF Document 

verification:-

The Candidate should bring following original documents and one set of self-attested 

photocopies at the time of document verification in case of his/her selection:-

1. Identity Proof (PAN Card, Passport, Driving License, Voter Card, Aadhar Card etc.)

2. Address Proof.

3. Certificate showing Date of Birth. (Birth Certificate/10th Certificate). No Age relaxation 

would be available to SC/ST/OBC candidates applying for unreserved vacancies.

4. Photocopies of PAN Card and Bank Passbook and four recent passport size photographs 

(At the time of Joining for only selected candidates)

5. Class 10th & 12th Marksheet and Certificates.

6. Essential Qualifying degrees:

a. MBBS/BDS Marksheet and degree certificate.

b. MD/MS/DNB or equivalent degree certificate.

7. Attempt and Internship Completion Certificate.

8. Registration with Medical Council of India /State Medical Council & DCI for Dentistry 

candidates.

9. Experience Certificate (if have).

10. FMGE certificate conducted by NBE (For foreign graduate). 

11. Reservation category Certificate (OBC*/SC/ST/PH) (*Candidate should belong to non-

creamy layer of Central List of OBC in Government of India format). 

12. In case of OBC candidate, the OBC certificate must be issued within one year (Older 

certificate not be entertained). 

13. In case of EWS candidate, the EWS certificate must be issued on or after 01st April, 2022 

to last date of application and be valid for financial year 2022-23. 

14. Candidates working in Government Institution- No Objection Certificate.

Candidates who do not produce the above mentioned original documents at the time of 

document verification shall not be offered appointment even though if he/she is selected 

on the basis of examination and Departmental assessment.

General Conditions

1. The aspiring applicants satisfying the eligibility criteria in all respects can submit their 

application by speed post/registered post/courier/by hand in the office of the Senior 

Administrative Officer (Recruitment Cell), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, 

02nd floor, Medical College Block, Munshiganj, Dalmau Road, Raebareli-229405 on 

or before 16th August 2022. Applications received after 16th August 2022 shall be 

summarily rejected. 

2. The applicants applying in response to this advertisement should satisfy themselves 

regarding their eligibility for the aforesaid post and must fulfill all the eligibility 

criteria on or before the last date of submission of form i.e.16.08.2022, failing which 

their application will be rejected. 

3. The application form duly filled with all requisite documents and Demand Draft for

fee should be sent by Speed post/Registered post/by hand to the office of the Senior 

Administrative Officer, Recruitment Cell, 2

nd Floor, Medical College Block, 

AIIMS Raebareli, Munshiganj, Dalmau Road, Raebareli- 229405.

4. The envelope should be super-scribed as “APPLICATION FOR THE POST

OF ……………………IN DEPTT OF ……………..” along with below mentioned 

documents (self-attested):

I. Printout of the online application form.

II. Candidate Brief/Application form in prescribed format 

III. Mark sheets and degrees (Qualification proof).

IV. Proof of Age. 

V. Caste Certificate ST/SC/OBC/EWS (In the prescribed format as per GoI norms) 

VI. Experience Certificate. 

VII. NOC (No Objection Certificate) for those Candidates who are working in 

Central/State Govt. Organizations/Autonomous Bodies including those working 

on contract/Adhoc basis 

VIII. Two passport size Photographs.

IX. Medical Council registration.

X. Demand Draft

5. Important Dates:

Last date of submission of application form: 16.08.2022 (5:00 PM)

Date of written examination: 20.08.2022 

Date of Departmental Assessment: 22.08.2022

Term and Conditions

1. The appointment is initially for a period of One (01) year, which may extendable up 

to three (03) years based on performance & conduct.

2. The leave entitlement of the appointee shall be as per the Central Residency Scheme 

and Institute Policy.

3. The appointee shall perform the duties as assigned to him/her. The competent 

authority reserves the right to assign any duty as and when required. No 

extra/additional remuneration will be admissible in case of such assignment.

4. The Competent Authority reserves the right to change the number of vacancies, 

withdraw the process in full or in part and also the right to reject any or all 

applications received without assigning any reasons or giving notice etc.

5. The appointment to the said post will be subject to medical fitness from the competent 

Medical Board for which he/she will be sent to the designated Medical Authority of the 

Institute.

6. This appointment is full time and private practice of any kind is prohibited.

7. The appointee is not entitled to any TA/DA for attending the examination and Departmental 

assessment or joining the Institute.

8. If any declaration given or information furnished by him/her proves false or if he/she is found 

to have wilfully suppressed any material information, he/she will be liable for removal from 

service and also such other action as the Institute may deem necessary.

9. The decision of the competent authority regarding selection of candidates will be final 

and no representation will be entertained in this regard.

10. Incomplete applications in any aspect will be summarily rejected.

11. In case of any inadvertent mistake in the process of selection which may be detected 

at any stage even after the issue of appointment letter, the Institute reserves the right 

to modify/withdraw/cancel any communication made to the candidate.

12. The applicant will be responsible for the authenticity of submitted information, other 

documents and photograph. Submission of any false and/or suppression /concealment 

of facts shall lead to rejection/ cancellation of selection/recruitment. 

13. In case of need of any assistance or clarifications regarding the recruitment please 

contact: recruitment.aiimsrbl@gmail.com or call on 0535-2979743. All further 

updates related with this advertisement shall be published in the Institute website 

only. Candidates are advised to regularly visit the Institute website 

www.aiimsrbl.edu.in for updates and information. 

Executive Director.

Top 10 health insurance in the world

 With the rising instances of diseases and accidents, the demand for health insurance has shown significant growth. A health insurance plan can provide you with financial security in times of a medical emergency. Every individual has certain risks and uncertainties in life The best way to tackle health risks is to purchase a health insurance cover.

Health is Wealth' and therefore, it's essential to care for you and your family's health. With rising costs of hospitalisation and medical treatment, having a health insurance/medical policy is essential. It not only ensures you don't go bankrupt after an illness, but also provides sufficient coverage. Most importantly, even if you don't have to avail it, you get health insurance tax benefits.

Below are some of the top 10 health insurance in the world

Here are some of the best international health insurance companies:

1. Bupa Global
2. IMG.
3. AXA.
4. Generali Global Assistance.
5. Cigna.
6. Allianz Worldwide.
7. William Russell.
8. GeoBlue.
9. Expacare Global Healthcare.
10. A Plus International

Top 10 endangered species on earth

 1. Amur Leopard

First on the list of the world’s most endangered animals in 2022 is the amur leopard. Between 2014 and 2015, there were only around 92 individuals left in their natural range. This number is now estimated to be around 84. They are extremely vulnerable to poachers, who kill them for their coats and bones, the latter of which is sold for use in traditional Asian medicine. They are at risk of habitat loss due to natural and man-made fires. Climate change is also leading to a decrease in prey availability.

2. Rhino

Rhinos are one of the most poached animals on the planet. Their horns are used in traditional Chinese medicine and displayed as a symbol and demonstration of wealth. A Javan rhino horn can sell for up to USD$30,000 per kg on the black market. Because of poaching, three of the five species of rhinos are among the most endangered animals in 2022: the black rhino, the Javan rhino and the Sumatran rhino. The Javan rhino is the closest to extinction with only around 60 individuals left, all of which are in Ujung Kulon National Park in Indonesia, while black rhino population is estimated to be around 5,500 individuals.

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3. Orangutan

The two kinds of orangutan – the Bornean and the Sumatran Orangutan – have both experienced sharp declines in populations. A century ago there were probably more than 230,000 orangutans in total, but the Bornean orangutan is now estimated at about 104,700 based on updated geographic range and the Sumatran about 13,846. They are primarily threatened by habitat loss from human-caused deforestation for palm oil. 

4. Gorilla

There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, which both have two subspecies. Three out of four are Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The only one that isn’t is the Mountain Gorilla, a subspecies of the Eastern Gorilla, which is considered Endangered. There are only around 200-300 adult Cross River Gorillas left in the wild. Like many endangered animals, their decline is mostly due to poaching, habitat loss, disease and human conflict. Gorillas are also slow to recover as they have a low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years. One female will breed three or four times in her lifetime.

5. Saola

Often called the Asian unicorn, the saola is one of the rarest mammals on the planet and for this reason, it makes the list of the world’s most endangered animals in 2022. It was first discovered in 1992 in the Annamite Range in Vietnam and is rarely seen. No formal surveys have been undertaken to determine accurate population numbers, but the IUCN estimates the total saola population to be less than 750, likely to be much less.

6. Vaquita

As both the smallest and most endangered marine mammal in the world, the vaquita has been classified as critically endangered by the IUCN since 1996 and experts say there may only be about 10 individuals left, despite extensive conservation efforts. Their biggest threat is from the illegal fishing of totoaba, a large fish in demand because of its swim bladder. Vaquitas accidentally end up entangled in the gillnets set for totoaba and drown because they can no longer swim to the surface to breathe. Conservation efforts led to the introduction of a ban on gillnets in vaquita habitat back in July 2016, but illegal fishing continues, and the threat remains. Efforts now focus on enforcing the ban on gillnets and persecuting those that use them. Conservationists are also working to decrease demand for totoaba, which is a protected species.

You might also like: Top Vaquitas Facts to Know About

7. Sunda Tiger

Of all the big cats, tigers are the closest to extinction. with fewer than 3,900 tigers remaining in the wild, they exist in only 4% of their historic range. Sunda tigers in particular are especially vulnerable. With numbers estimated to be at fewer than 400 today, accelerating deforestation and rampant poaching mean it could end up extinct like its Javan and Balinese counterparts. Despite increased efforts in tiger conservation – including strengthening law enforcement and anti poaching capacity – a substantial market remains in Sumatra and other parts of Asia for tiger parts and products. 

8. Yangtze Finless Porpoise 

Finless porpoises live in the Yangtze River in China. Unfortunately, they are vulnerable to fishing; even though they are not directly targeted by fishermen, large numbers of the species die when they become accidentally entangled in fishing gear. The waters they live in are also constantly busy with fishermen and people using the waterways to move around, so they get injured and killed by boats and ships. Additionally, their waters are also affected by high levels of toxic pollutants. There are between 1,000 and 1,800 finless porpoises left in the Yangtze. The annual decline rate of 13% means these animals are expected to become extinct within 10 years if there are no effective conservation actions in place. 

9. Turtle

Two species of sea turtle are critically endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Hawksbill Turtles and Kemps Ridley Turtles, while Leatherback sea turtles are classified as vulnerable, though the population is decreasing and several subpopulations are facing extinction. Hunting is one of the biggest threats to sea turtles, with poachers targeting their eggs, shells, meat and skin. They are also at risk from habitat loss, bycatch and pollution as well as climate change. Sand temperature determines the sex of hatchlings with eggs developing as females in warmer temperatures. That means even small temperature changes could skew the sex ratio of populations. 

Recent estimates show us that there are nearly 6.5 million sea turtles left in the wild with very different numbers for each species. Population estimates for the hawksbill turtle range from 83,000 to possibly only 57,000 individuals left worldwide. Kemp’s Ridley and Flatback turtles each have a very narrow distribution, with less than 10 000 individuals left for each species (medium estimates: 25,000 and 69,000 respectively).

You might also like: 10 of the Most Endangered Species in the Ocean

10. Elephant

Last on the list of the world’s most endangered animals in 2022 are elephants. While some populations of African elephants are increasing, primarily in southern Africa, numbers are continuing to fall in other areas, particularly in central Africa and parts of East Africa. With an estimated 415,000 elephants left on the continent, the species is regarded as vulnerable, although certain populations are being poached towards extinction. Asian elephant numbers have dropped by at least 50% over the last three generations, and they’re still in decline today. With only 40,000-50,000 left in the wild, the species is classified as endangered. However, the species most at risk is the Sumatran elephant, with a population of about 2,400-2,800 individuals.

As we reflect on this list on National Endangered Species Day, let us be reminded of the work that still needs to be done to ensure that these species and all others continue to inhabit the planet for generations to come.

Who Invented Radio?

 During the 1860s: Scottish physicist, James Clerk Maxwell predicted the existence of radio waves; and in 1886, German physicist, Heinrich Rudholph Hertz demonstrated that rapid variations of electric current could be projected into space in the form of radio waves similar to those of light and heat.

In 1866: Mahlon Loomis, an American dentist, successfully demonstrated "wireless telegraphy." Loomis was able to make a meter connected to one kite cause another one to move, marking the first known instance of wireless aerial communication.

Guglielmo Marconi: an Italian inventor, proved the feasibility of radio communication. He sent and received his first radio signal in Italy in 1895. By 1899 he flashed the first wireless signal across the English Channel and two years later received the letter "S", telegraphed from England to Newfoundland. This was the first successful transatlantic radiotelegraph message in 1902

Top 10 richest people in all over the world

 1. TopElon Musk

 is the richest man on the planet and has accumulated much of his wealth having founded Tesla. However, Musk has long been occupied with several other well-known companies and had his roots within a group known as the “PayPal Mafia.” This consisted of serial entrepreneurs and angel investors that made up PayPal’s alumni, who have been extremely successful in their own right. 

2. Bernard Arnault

• Age: 73
• Nationality: France
• Company: LVMH
• Net Worth: $148.1 billion
• Industry: Fashion and Hospitality

Bernard Arnault amassed his fortune in the luxury goods industry with the ownership of world-renowned brands such as Louis Vuitton and Christian Dior. By targeting wealthy demographics and maintaining a 47% stake in his company, LVMH, he has climbed his way to the top of the food chain just like many others on this list. 

3. Jeff Bezos

• Age: 58
• Nationality: USA
• Company: Amazon
• Net Worth: $139.4 billion
• Industry: E-commerce and Technology

At 30 years old, Jeff Bezos left the finance industry to start a business that many saw as foolish — buying and selling books online. That company is known today as Amazon, and it’s currently valued at more than $1 trillion. Bezos is credited for pioneering the e-commerce landscape, which has become one of the largest industries in the world. 

His creation didn’t just disrupt bookstores; it disrupted traditional retailers on many fronts. He transformed Amazon into a platform where shoppers can buy and sell almost everything and developed one of the most sophisticated logistics companies in the world. Not stopping there, Amazon grew to include Amazon Prime Video and Amazon Web Services and it is now the largest cloud service provider in the world. 

4. Bill Gates

• Age: 66
• Nationality: USA
• Company: Microsoft
• Net Worth: $124.6 billion
• Industry: Technology

Bill Gates was a tech-whiz kid growing up, having designed his first software program at age 13. What wasn’t known then was that he would go on to become a co-founder of Microsoft, the largest computer software company in the world. Microsoft was first founded in 1975, but Gates decided to step down as CEO in 2000.

5. Larry Page

• Age: 49
• Nationality: USA
• Company: Google
• Net Worth: $99.7 billion
• Industry: Technology and Advertising

Larry Page co-founded Google in 1998 and was CEO until 2001. He returned as CEO from 2011 to 2015 and remains a board member and majority shareholder. Nowadays, Google has moved under the umbrella of Alphabet, the tech conglomerate holding company that owns YouTube, Google Play, Android, Fitbit, Mandiant, Looker and Nest. 

Google first built its search engine but repeatedly redefined technology with developments in GPS mapping and translation. This, in turn, led to the creation of one of the largest platforms for advertising in the world — to the good fortune of Page. Last year alone, Google generated $209.49 billion in total ad revenue.

6. Gautam Adani

• Age: 60
• Nationality: India
• Company: Adani Group
• Net Worth: $99.2 billion
• Industry: Energy and Transportation

Gautam Adani is the richest person in India, and his entrepreneurial DNA comes directly from his father, who owned a textile business. Despite the opportunity to inherit, Adani had no interest in the business and decided to follow his own ambitions to achieve great wealth. Soon after leaving home, Adani entered the diamond industry, which saw him quickly rise to millionaire status. 

Upon acquiring this wealth, he founded Adani Enterprises, a conglomerate that now oversees several businesses in sectors such as energy, transportation, mining, infrastructure, logistics, cement and fast-moving consumer goods. Thanks to India’s economic growth, Adani’s stock market success and recent investments in green energy have added more than $40 billion to his net worth over the past year, propelling him toward the top of the rich list.

7. Larry Ellison

• Age: 77
• Nationality: USA
• Company: Oracle
• Net Worth: $97.1 billion
• Industry: Software

Like many others on this list, Larry Ellison can attribute his great fortune to the rise of technology. Having founded Oracle in 1977 after dropping out of college, he grew the company from its start-up phase to one of the largest software and database companies in the world. Oracle now has a market capitalization of 187.7 billion, and Ellison has retained a stake of more than 40% to date. 

Ellison made his own fortune, but thanks to substantial investments he made in Tesla before its meteoric rise, he generated a net gain of more than 1,000% on his capital. He joined Tesla’s board of directors in 2018; however, Tesla announced in June that Ellison would step down. He still holds about 1.5% of Tesla’s total outstanding shares.

8. Warren Buffett

• Age: 91
• Nationality: USA
• Company: Berkshire Hathaway
• Net Worth: $97 billion
• Industry: Investing and Finance

Nicknamed the “Oracle of Omaha,” Warren Buffett is regarded as the greatest investor of all time. His holding company, Berkshire Hathaway, manages a portfolio of investments that include large positions in Apple stock as well as several bank stocks. Buffett has long spoken about the benefits of compound interest that have helped him accumulate his fortune. 

Even as it continues to work in his favor, Buffett has pledged to give 99% of his wealth to charitable foundations and philanthropic causes during his final years, and he has already donated $45.5 billion. Despite his vast wealth, Buffett doesn’t live in a multi-million-dollar mansion. Instead, he still resides at the same Omaha house he bought in 1958 for just $31,500.

9. Sergey Brin

• Age: 48
• Nationality: Russia
• Company: Google
• Net Worth: $95.9 billion
• Industry: Technology and Advertising

Sergey Brin, along with Larry Page, co-founded Google. So it’s no surprise he also made it onto the list of the richest people in the world. The pair met at Stanford University before starting their venture, and just like Page, Brin continues to hold an active role as a board member with a similar stake. More recently, Brin set up Bayshore Capital Management in Singapore, a region ripe for investment with favorable tax legislation, to manage his wealth.

10. Mukesh Ambani

• Age: 54
• Nationality: USA
• Company: Reliance Industries Limited
• Net Worth: $92.1 billion
• Industry: Energy, Telecommuncations, Retail

Mukesh Ambani serves as chairman and managing director of Reliance Industries Limited, which grew from the yarn trading company his father started in 1957 to become India’s largest private-sector company.

After earning a degree in chemical engineering, Ambani enrolled in Stanford University’s MBA program but left to return to India to help his father grow the business. Ambani is credited with expanding Reliance from textiles and polyester fibers to petrochemicals and petroleum refining, and ultimately to oil and gas exploration and production. Today, Reliance is also India’s largest retailer, and it operates the world’s largest 4G broadband wireless network.

Top 5 criptocurrency exchange 2022

 Cryptocurrency trading is one of the best trading in all over the world. The main purpose of trading of cryptocurrency is to make a profit in other ways blockchain technology is used in the cryptocurrency trading in these days the blockchain technology is most important news today in this article we will discuss about the top 10 cryptocurrency exchange in all over the world so you can easily differentiate between these all 10 types of cryptocurrency trading.

The list of the top 5 cryptocurrencies are as follows 

1. Bitstamp
2. Coin smart
3.  Naga
4. Binance 
5. By bit
6. Fixed float
7.  kracken
8. Swap zone
9.  coinbase
10. pionex

1. Bitstamp .The long-running crypto exchange has been providing what it calls “Bitstamp-as-a-Service” to European financial institutions for several years.

2. Coin smart-It is an online crypto exchange designed to make cryptocurrencies accessible to everyone. The platform supports the buying, selling, and trading of Bitcoin and other digital currencies.

   Currently, CoinSmart supports 9 cryptos that include Bitcoin (“BTC”), Bitcoin Cash (“BCH”), Cardano’s ADA (“ADA”), EOS (“EOS”), Ethereum (“ETH”), Litecoin (“LTC”), Ripple’s XRP (“XRP”), Stellar’s Lumen (“XLM”), and Tether (“USDT”).

3. NAGA- it is one of the most used cryptocurrency in all over the world you can buy many of these hair on cryptography change can be easily done in this exchange.

4. Binance-finances also the best cryptocurrencies exchange in all over the world where you can exchange money of the top most currencies and used for trading.

5. By bit . Bybit  is the most important currency exchange in terms of cryptocurrencies you can turn your trading your start your trading also buy this by bit cryptography change in all over the world

THE SIKH HOMELAND by khuswant singh

 CHAPTER 1 

THE SIKH HOMELAND 

~THE PUNJAB has a geographical unity distinct from the neighbouring countries and 

~the rest of India. It is shaped like a scalene 

triangle balanced on its sharpest angle. The shortest side 

is in the north and is composed of the massive Himalayas, 

which separate it from the Tibetan plateau.

 The western 

side is bounded by the river Indus from the point it enters 

the plains to another point 1,650 miles downstream, where 

it meets the confluence of the Punjab's rivers at a place 

appropriately named panjnad, the five streams. Westwards 

of the Indus runs a chain of rugged mountains, the Hindu 

Kush and the Sulaiman, pierced by several passes like the 

Khyber and the Bolan which have served as inlets for the 

people of the countries which lie beyond, Afghanistan and 

Baluchistan. The eastern boundary of the Punjab's tri-

angle is not clearly marked, but from a point near Karnal 

where the Jumna plunges southeastwards a jagged line can 

be drawn up to Panjnad, which will demarcate the state 

from the rest of Hindustan and the Sindh desert. 

The Punjab, except for the salt range in its centce, is 

an extensive plain sloping gently down from the moun-

tains in the north and the west towards the desert in the 

south. Across this monotonously flat land flow six large 

rivers: the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and the Sut-

lej. In the intra-fluvial tracts or doabs1 between these rivers 

1 The intra-fluvial tracts or mesopotamias are known in the Punjab as 

dollbs-two waters. Except for the doabs between the Indus and the 

Jhelum and the Sutlej and the Jumna, they are known by a combination 

of the names of the two rivers between which they lie. These names were 

roined in the time of Emperor Akbar, presumably by his minister, Todar 

Mal. 

a. The Sindh Sagar Doab, between the Indus and the Jhelum. 

b. The Chaj Doab between the Chenab and the Jhelum. This doab was 

.ti!IO known as Dhanni-Gheb, Chinhat-Chenab, and Behat (which is an-

nther name for the Jhelum). 

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